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Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 13:06:40 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-9-completing-version-pattern-5-t4386.htm#4389 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-9-completing-version-pattern-5-t4386.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/database-access-auditing-who-did-what-to-which-data-when-t4385.htm raj_mmm9 As just about anyone in business these days knows, there is a growing list of government regulations that organizations must understand and comply with. This increasing compliance pressure is particularly intense on data stored in corporate databases. Companies need to be ever more vigilant in the techniques used to protect their data, as well as to monitor and ensure that sufficient protection is in place. Such requirements are driving new and improved software methods and techniques. One ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 13:06:09 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/database-access-auditing-who-did-what-to-which-data-when-t4385.htm#4388 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/database-access-auditing-who-did-what-to-which-data-when-t4385.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-10-foreign-keys-in-version-tables-t4384.htm raj_mmm9 In trying to explain versioning to other data modelers and DBAs, we have found that many of them are worried about the cascade update implications for versioned tables. In general, the concern is that if a new version of an object is inserted into a version table, then all foreign key references to the version it replaced must be updated to point to the new version. Furthermore, if those updates take place in tables which are themselves versioned tables, then those updates create additional new ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 13:05:42 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-10-foreign-keys-in-version-tables-t4384.htm#4387 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-10-foreign-keys-in-version-tables-t4384.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-12-foreign-keys-in-version-tables-t4383.htm raj_mmm9 In this article, and in Part 10 and Part 11, we have been discussing the issue of foreign keys and referential integrity in versioned tables. The issue arises because most modelers and database administrators (DBAs) seem to believe that if a change is made in a versioned table, and there are foreign keys pointing to that table, those foreign keys must also be changed. If they themselves are in a versioned table, and foreign keys in yet other versioned tables point to the rows they are in, versioned ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 13:04:35 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-12-foreign-keys-in-version-tables-t4383.htm#4386 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-12-foreign-keys-in-version-tables-t4383.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-13-a-roadmap-of-the-rest-of-this-series-t4382.htm raj_mmm9 We are nearly ready to discuss the penultimate pattern, Version Pattern 6. This pattern expresses the combined semantics of all the version patterns we have discussed so far. The last versioning requirement we will examine adds the requirement to version error corrections, and it is Version Pattern 7 that will accommodate that requirement, as well as all the patterns previous to it. Version Pattern 7 is therefore the “ultimate” versioning pattern to be discussed in these articles. It is ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 13:03:27 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-13-a-roadmap-of-the-rest-of-this-series-t4382.htm#4385 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-13-a-roadmap-of-the-rest-of-this-series-t4382.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-15-for-and-against-surrogate-keys-t4381.htm raj_mmm9 In Part 14, we introduced the concept of surrogate keys and showed how our example database of clients and policies would look if we used surrogate keys with that database. We also introduced some terminology that will help us examine the arguments for and against their use, terms such as "business key," "natural key" and "mixed key." We then went on to define two sets of semantic constraints that give surrogate keys their meaning. The minimal set consisted of three ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:58:10 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-15-for-and-against-surrogate-keys-t4381.htm#4384 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-15-for-and-against-surrogate-keys-t4381.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-16-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-1-t4380.htm raj_mmm9 Starting with this installment in our series, we will begin to describe the physical implementation of these versioning patterns. To this point, patterns have been presented from a logical perspective. Data modelers would recognize these discussions as being about logical data models, rather than physical data models. Almost equivalently, we could say that previous articles in this series have discussed the semantics of versioning rather than its implementation. We now turn to the ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:55:26 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-16-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-1-t4380.htm#4383 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-16-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-1-t4380.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/tips-and-trends-on-database-log-management-t4379.htm raj_mmm9 Buried deep within enterprise IT infrastructures, databases can be said to hold the “crown jewels” of an organization. Unfortunately, database security is often lacking, leaving sensitive, business-critical information such as customer data, financial details and more vulnerable to hackers. Department of VA, TJ Maxx, TD Ameritrade – these are just a few of the many organizations that have driven the media wild over data security breaches in the last year. It is common that database ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:54:38 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/tips-and-trends-on-database-log-management-t4379.htm#4382 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/tips-and-trends-on-database-log-management-t4379.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-17-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-2-t4378.htm raj_mmm9 In this PDM segment, we will describe the physical implementation of Version Pattern 2. This pattern was described, from a logical point of view, in part 3 of this series. This pattern expands on pattern 1 by adding a logical delete capability. This pattern is more semantically expressive than Version Pattern 1, just as each pattern described in this series is more expressive than the patterns prior to it. This pattern allows us to keep a record of deleted rows, and thus information ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:53:51 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-17-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-2-t4378.htm#4381 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-17-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-2-t4378.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-18-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-3-t4377.htm raj_mmm9 In this article, we will describe the physical implementation of Version Pattern 3. This pattern expands on Patterns 1 and 2 by retaining a history of updates. This pattern was logically described in part 4 and part 5 of this series. Pattern 2 provided the ability to query objects that were previous deleted. However, it failed to save history created by updates. In Pattern 3, we will start saving this update history by using versioning, and will lay the groundwork for the more robust ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:53:10 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-18-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-3-t4377.htm#4380 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-18-physical-implementation-of-version-pattern-3-t4377.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-19-ri-and-temporal-ri-t4376.htm raj_mmm9 This installment should have been the continuation of our presentation of physical implementations of the version patterns discussed thus far. It should have presented a physical implementation of Version Patterns 4 and 5. However, because editors are just plain tough when it comes to deadlines, and because of some personal exigencies with the authors, we are unable to stick to this logical sequence. Instead, in this article, we will consolidate and extend some of the things we have learned about ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:52:37 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-19-ri-and-temporal-ri-t4376.htm#4379 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-19-ri-and-temporal-ri-t4376.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-20-ri-and-temporal-ri-continued-t4375.htm raj_mmm9 In this installment, we will begin a discussion of how temporal referential integrity (RI) may be enforced with today's relational database management systems (RDBMSs). In addition, we will expand the glossary which we began last time, in Part 19. Indeed, the glossary work has proven to be the major portion of the work done here in Part 20. This seems to be the right point in our series to begin formalizing the definitions of the terms we have introduced. In Part 19, we said that by "object ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:51:10 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-20-ri-and-temporal-ri-continued-t4375.htm#4378 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-20-ri-and-temporal-ri-continued-t4375.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/taking-an-information-centric-approach-to-managing-database-applications-t4374.htm raj_mmm9 Database growth pits two competing IT priorities against each other, the database administrator who needs multiple copies of the production system for testing and quality assurance (QA) and the storage administrator, who is working to manage his storage environment against growth, availability and consumption priorities. Database applications, unlike email and file servers, require multiple copies of production to support test and development efforts such as creating versions for ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:48:38 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/taking-an-information-centric-approach-to-managing-database-applications-t4374.htm#4377 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/taking-an-information-centric-approach-to-managing-database-applications-t4374.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/archive-or-reference-database-t4373.htm raj_mmm9 Implementing a reference database involves taking operational data from one Oracle database and placing it in another read-only Oracle database. Sometimes this data is summarized as it is loaded, other times it is just moved as is. This should not be confused with a database archive. A database archive is not tied to any particular database or application. It stands on its own and can outlive the application or the database and is truly read-only. Reference databases serve their purpose, ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:47:32 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/archive-or-reference-database-t4373.htm#4376 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/archive-or-reference-database-t4373.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/oracle-databases-archiving-t4372.htm raj_mmm9 Data growth rates are climbing at an astonishing pace. Oracle databases today are holding many terabytes and in some cases petabytes worth of data. In most cases, the data is not deleted regularly even though the new transactions continue to occur within the application. Companies either ignore this issue or resolve it temporarily by adding more space because, after all, “disk is cheap.” Well, it’s not all about saving disk space. Instead, it’s about truly protecting corporate data ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:45:45 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/oracle-databases-archiving-t4372.htm#4375 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/oracle-databases-archiving-t4372.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-21-enforcement-time-options-for-temporal-ri-t4371.htm raj_mmm9 At the conclusion of our previous article, we said that there are two options for enforcing temporal integrity constraints on a database. One is to enforce the constraints at the time of update so as to prevent violations from being persisted in the database. The other is to let violations occur, but to filter them out at retrieval time. This would be done by means of views against which all normal queries would be written. It's easy to disparage the latter option by describing it ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:44:49 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-21-enforcement-time-options-for-temporal-ri-t4371.htm#4374 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-21-enforcement-time-options-for-temporal-ri-t4371.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-22-original-and-temporal-deletes-t4370.htm raj_mmm9 One reason for being this careful with definitions is that this kind of rigor must be applied to definitions before they can be "ontologized," i.e. expressed in a formal notation like predicate logic. That, in turn, is what is needed to make definitions available for manipulation by software-realized inferencing engines. Another reason for being this careful with definitions is that this is the kind of rigor that must be applied to any set of technical definitions before ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:44:08 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-22-original-and-temporal-deletes-t4370.htm#4373 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-22-original-and-temporal-deletes-t4370.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/essential-steps-for-the-integrated-enterprise-databases-warehouse-part-1-t4369.htm raj_mmm9 In this two-part article, I propose a specific architecture for building an integrated enterprise data warehouse (EDW). This architecture directly supports master data management (MDM) efforts and provides the platform for consistent business analysis across the enterprise. I describe the scope and challenges of building an integrated EDW, and I provide detailed guidance for designing and administering the necessary processes that support integration. This article has been written in response ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:43:28 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/essential-steps-for-the-integrated-enterprise-databases-warehouse-part-1-t4369.htm#4372 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/essential-steps-for-the-integrated-enterprise-databases-warehouse-part-1-t4369.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-23-original-and-temporal-updates-t4368.htm raj_mmm9 One reason for being this careful with definitions is that this kind of rigor must be applied to definitions before they can be "ontologized," i.e., expressed in a formal notation like first-order logic. That, in turn, is needed to make definitions available for manipulation by software-realized inferencing engines. Another reason for being this careful with definitions is that this rigor must be applied to any set of technical definitions before we can claim not only that we say ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:42:11 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-23-original-and-temporal-updates-t4368.htm#4371 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/time-and-time-again-managing-time-in-relational-databases-part-23-original-and-temporal-updates-t4368.htm http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/best-practices-for-data-warehouse-database-developers-t4367.htm raj_mmm9 By nature, data warehouse projects are costly endeavors where many resources are consumed – both hardware and software. Although, experienced database developers may use 90 percent of the same skills on their last projects, they may find themselves approaching development issues differently! While the project team as a whole usually understands the risks and benefits of building a data warehouse, I find that not enough IT managers are initially aware of the unique challenges a data warehouse ... Databases Sun, 13 Apr 2008 12:38:43 GMT http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/best-practices-for-data-warehouse-database-developers-t4367.htm#4370 http://job98456.forumandco.com/databases-f13/best-practices-for-data-warehouse-database-developers-t4367.htm